Indoline analogs and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Indoline derivative compounds that act as EWS-FLI1 transcription factor inhibitors are provided. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions of the indoline derivatives, methods of synthesizing the same, methods of treating using same, and assays for identifying the inhibitors of EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Any and all priority claims identified in the Application Data Sheet, orany correction thereto, are hereby incorporated by reference under 37CFR 1.57. This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.15/461,327, filed Mar. 16, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/316,156, filed on Mar. 31, 2016 and U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/417,621, filed on Nov. 4, 2016. Each ofthe aforementioned applications is incorporated by reference herein inits entirety, and each is hereby expressly made a part of thisspecification.

BACKGROUND

Field

Indoline analog compounds that act as EWS-FLI1 transcription factorinhibitors are provided. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositionsof the indoline analogs, methods of synthesizing the same, methods oftreating using same, and assays for identifying the inhibitors ofEWS-FLI1 oncoprotein.

Description

The EWS-FLI transcription factor present in vast variety of Ewing'ssarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) was characterized over ten years ago.Progress in the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma the second most common bonetumor in children and adolescents, has improved survival for patientswith localized tumors. However, patients with metastases still farebadly and the therapy carries short and long-term toxicities. The Ewingsarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) is characterized by a chromosomaltranslocation that generates EWS-FLI1, on oncogenic fusion transcriptionfactor whose continued expression is believed to be critical for ESFTcell survival (Balamuth, N J, Womer, R B, Lancet Oncology 11, 184-192(2010)).

In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the inhibition ofthe binding of the oncoprotein, EWS-FLI1, to RNA Helicase A (RHA) leadsto a decrease in proliferation of ESFT cell lines and a decrease oftumor volume. EWS-FLI1 lacks enzymatic activity, however, theprotein-protein interaction between RNA helicase A (RHA) andEWS-FLI1-modulates oncogenesis, and is therefore required for themaintenance of the tumor growth (Hyariye N Erkizan et al. NatureMedicine 15(7) 750-756 (2009)). The paradigm of disrupting key proteininteractions may have utility in treatment of diseases includingsarcomas with similar translocations, and leukemias with MLLtranslocations ((Helman L J, Meltzer P. Mechanisms of sarcomadevelopment. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3(9):685-94); and Pui C H, et al., NEngl J Med 2004;350(15):1535-48). Moreover, disordered proteins may beexcellent therapeutic targets based on their intrinsic biochemicalproperties (Cheng Y, LeGall T, Oldfield C J, et al., Trends Biotechnol2006;24(10):435-42).

SUMMARY

Despite years of in vitro and xenograft studies with antisense and siRNAdirected towards EWS-FLI1, none of these is heretofore practical as ahuman therapy based on inadequate delivery and stability. Accordingly,there is a need for improved therapies to treat disorders such as ESFTs.

FLI-1 is a member of the ETS family transcription factors which arenormally active in the developing embryo, but not after birth. There are29 members of this family of transcription factors, four of which,FLI-1, ETV1, ETV4 and ERG, have been associated with a wide range ofcancers.

Therapeutic compounds targeting the inhibition of the binding ofoncogenic fusion proteins of FLI1, ETV1, ETV4 or ERG or thetranscription factors themselves will have utility in treatment ofcancers including the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors, pancreaticcancer, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, andseveral other cancers. The preferred embodiments fulfill these needs,and provide other advantages as well.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formulae(I)-(VII) described herein, including forms such as stereoisomers, freeforms, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof, solvates, orcombinations of such forms.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods for treating cancerin a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal an effective amountof one or more compounds of Formulae (I)-(VII) including forms such asstereoisomers, free forms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or morecompounds of Formulae (I)-(VII) including forms such as stereoisomers,free forms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Otherembodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds ofFormulae (I)-(VII) including forms such as stereoisomers, free forms, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of amedicament for treatment of cancer.

Still other embodiments described herein relate to a compound ofFormulae (I)-(VII) including forms such as stereoisomers, free forms, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treatment of cancerwherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of Ewing'ssarcoma, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, head &neck cancer, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer,prostate cancer, and uterine cancer. These and other embodiments aredescribed in greater detail below.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-C provide data for TK216-2 on growth inihibition of cells andcell viability. FIG. 1A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK216-2 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 1Bprovides cell viability (%) for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK216-2 at different concentrations. FIG. 1C provides data for growthinhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK216-2 at differentconcentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating to greater growthinhibition).

FIGS. 2A-C provide data for YK-4-279 on growth inihibition of cells andcell viability. FIG. 2A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by YK-4-279 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 1Bprovides cell viability (%) for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toYK-4-279 at different concentrations. FIG. 2C provides data for growthinhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by YK-4-279 at differentconcentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating to greater growthinhibition).

FIGS. 3A-C provide data for TK100-OCD3 on growth inihibition of cellsand cell viability. FIG. 3A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK100-OCD3 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 3Bprovides cell viability (%) for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK100-OCD3 at different concentrations. FIG. 3C provides data for growthinhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK100-OCD3 at differentconcentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating to greater growthinhibition).

FIGS. 4A-C provide data for TK Analog 6 on growth inihibition of cellsand cell viability. FIG. 4A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 6 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 4Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK Analog 6 at different concentrations. FIG. 4C provides data forgrowth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK Analog 6 atdifferent concentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating togreater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 5A-C provide data for TK Analog 7 on growth inihibition of cellsand cell viability. FIG. 5A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 7 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 5Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK Analog 7 at different concentrations. FIG. 5C provides data forgrowth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK Analog 7 atdifferent concentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating togreater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 6A-C provide data for TK Analog 8 on growth inihibition of cellsand cell viability. FIG. 6A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 8 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 6Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK Analog 8 at different concentrations. FIG. 6C provides data forgrowth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK Analog 8 atdifferent concentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating togreater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 7A-C provide data for TK216-2 on growth inihibition of cells andcell viability. FIG. 7A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK216-2 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 7Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK216-2 at different concentrations. FIG. 7C provides data for growthinhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK216-2 at differentconcentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating to greater growthinhibition).

FIGS. 8A-C provide data for TK Analog 9 on growth inihibition of cellsand cell viability. FIG. 8A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 9 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 8Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK Analog 9 at different concentrations. FIG. 8C provides data forgrowth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK Analog 9 atdifferent concentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating togreater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 9A-C provide data for TK Analog 10 on growth inihibition of cellsand cell viability. FIG. 9A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 10 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 9Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK Analog 10 at different concentrations. FIG. 9C provides data forgrowth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK Analog 10 atdifferent concentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating togreater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 10A-C provide data for TK Analog 11 on growth inihibition of cellsand cell viability. FIG. 10A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 11 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 10Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK Analog 11 at different concentrations. FIG. 10C provides data forgrowth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK Analog 11 atdifferent concentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating togreater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 11A-C provide data for TK216-2 on growth inihibition of cells andcell viability. FIG. 11A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK216-2 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 11Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK216-2 at different concentrations. FIG. 11C provides cell viability(%) data for A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK216-2 at differentconcentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating to greater growthinhibition).

FIGS. 12A-C provide data for TK Analog 2 on cell viability. FIG. 12Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 2 at different concentrations. FIG. 12B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 2at different concentrations. FIG. 12C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 2 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 13A-C provide data for TK Analog 3 on growth inihibition of cellsand cell viability. FIG. 13A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 3 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 13Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK Analog 3 at different concentrations. FIG. 13C provides data forgrowth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK Analog 3 atdifferent concentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating togreater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 14A-C provide data for TK Analog 4 on growth inihibition of cellsand cell viability. FIG. 14A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 4 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 14Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK Analog 4 at different concentrations. FIG. 14C provides data forgrowth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK Analog 4 atdifferent concentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating togreater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 15A-C provide data for TK Analog 5 on growth inihibition of cellsand cell viability. FIG. 15A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 5 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 15Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK Analog 5 at different concentrations. FIG. 15C provides data forgrowth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK Analog 5 atdifferent concentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating togreater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 16A-C provide data for TK216-2 on growth inihibition of cells andcell viability. FIG. 16A provides data for growth inhibition of TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK216-2 at different concentrations (lowerabsorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition). FIG. 16Bprovides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed toTK216-2 at different concentrations. FIG. 16C provides data for growthinhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK216-2 at differentconcentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating to greater growthinhibition).

FIGS. 17A-C provide data for TK Analog 16 on cell viability. FIG. 17Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 16 at different concentrations. FIG. 17B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 16at different concentrations. FIG. 17C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 16 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 18A-C provide data for TK Analog 16A on cell viability. FIG. 18Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 16A at different concentrations. FIG. 18B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 16Aat different concentrations. FIG. 18C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 16A at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 19A-C provide data for TK Analog 17 on cell viability. FIG. 19Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 17 at different concentrations. FIG. 19B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 17at different concentrations. FIG. 19C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 17 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 20A-C provide data for TK Analog 18 on cell viability. FIG. 20Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 18 at different concentrations. FIG. 20B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 18at different concentrations. FIG. 20C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 18 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 21A-C provide data for TK Analog 19 on cell viability. FIG. 21Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 19 at different concentrations. FIG. 21B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 19at different concentrations. FIG. 21C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 19 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 22A-C provide data for TK Analog 20 on cell viability. FIG. 22Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 20 at different concentrations. FIG. 22B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 20at different concentrations. FIG. 22C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 20 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 23A-C provide data for TK Analog 21 on cell viability. FIG. 23Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 21 at different concentrations. FIG. 23B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 21at different concentrations. FIG. 23C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 21 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 24A-C provide data for TK Analog 22 on cell viability. FIG. 24Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 22 at different concentrations. FIG. 24B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 22at different concentrations. FIG. 24C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 22 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 25A-C provide data for TK Analog 23 on cell viability. FIG. 25Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 23 at different concentrations. FIG. 25B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 23at different concentrations. FIG. 25C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 23 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 26A-C provide data for TK Analog 24 on cell viability. FIG. 26Aprovides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed toTK Analog 24 at different concentrations. FIG. 26B provides cellviability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 24at different concentrations. FIG. 26C provides cell viability (%) datafor A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 24 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 27A-C provide data for racemic TK Analog 2 on cell viability. FIG.27A provides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cellsexposed to TK Analog 2 at different concentrations. FIG. 27B providescell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TKAnalog 2 at different concentrations. FIG. 27C provides cell viability(%) data for A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 2 atdifferent concentrations.

FIGS. 28A-C provide data for TK Analog 2-1 (Enantiomer 1) on cellviability. FIG. 28A provides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1,7/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 2-1 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 28B provides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 2-1 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 28C provides cell viability (%) data for A4573(Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 2-1 (Enantiomer 1) atdifferent concentrations.

FIGS. 29A-C provide data for enantiomers for TK Analog 2-2, (Enantiomer2) on cell viability. FIG. 29A provides cell viability (%) data for TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 2-2, (Enantiomer 2) atdifferent concentrations. FIG. 29B provides cell viability (%) data forSKES (Type 2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 2-2, (Enantiomer 2) atdifferent concentrations. FIG. 29C provides cell viability (%) data forA4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 2-2, (Enantiomer 2) atdifferent concentrations.

FIGS. 30A-C provide data for racemic TK Analog 7 on growth inihibitionof cells and cell viability. FIG. 30A provides data for growthinhibition of TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 7 at differentconcentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating to greater growthinhibition). FIG. 30B provides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2,7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 7 at different concentrations. FIG. 30Cprovides data for growth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TKAnalog 7 at different concentrations (lower absorbance numberscorrelating to greater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 31A-C provide data for TK Analog 7 (Enantiomer 1) on cellviability. FIG. 31A provides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1,7/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 7 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 31B provides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 7 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 31C provides cell viability (%) data for A4573(Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 7 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 32A-C provide data for TK Analog 7 (Enantiomer 2) on cellviability. FIG. 32A provides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1,7/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 7 (Enantiomer 2) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 32B provides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 7 (Enantiomer 2) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 32C provides cell viability (%) data for A4573(Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 7 (Enantiomer 2) at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 33A-C provide data for racemic TK Analog 10 on growth inihibitionof cells and cell viability. FIG. 33A provides data for growthinhibition of TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK Analog 10 at differentconcentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating to greater growthinhibition). FIG. 33B provides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2,7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 10 at different concentrations. FIG. 33Cprovides data for growth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TKAnalog 10 at different concentrations (lower absorbance numberscorrelating to greater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 34A-C provide data for TK Analog 10 (Enantiomer 1) on cellviability. FIG. 34A provides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1,7/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 10 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 34B provides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 10 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 34C provides cell viability (%) data for A4573(Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 10 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 35A-C provide data for enantiomers for TK Analog 10 (Enantiomer 2)on cell viability. FIG. 35A provides cell viability (%) data for TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 10 (Enantiomer 2) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 35B provides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK Analog 10 (Enantiomer 2) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 35C provides cell viability (%) data for A4573(Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK Analog 10 at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 36A-C provide data for racemic TK100-OCD3 on growth inihibition ofcells and cell viability. FIG. 36A provides data for growth inhibitionof TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells by TK100-OCD3 at different concentrations(lower absorbance numbers correlating to greater growth inhibition).FIG. 36B provides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type 2, 7/5) cellsexposed to TK100-OCD3 at different concentrations. FIG. 36C providesdata for growth inhibition of A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells by TK100-OCD3at different concentrations (lower absorbance numbers correlating togreater growth inhibition).

FIGS. 37A-C provide data for TK100-OCD3 (Enantiomer 1) on cellviability. FIG. 37A provides cell viability (%) data for TC71 (Type 1,7/6) cells exposed to TK100-OCD3 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 37B provides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK100-OCD3 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 37C provides cell viability (%) data for A4573(Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK100-OCD3 (Enantiomer 1) at differentconcentrations.

FIGS. 38A-C provide data for enantiomers for TK100-OCD3 (Enantiomer 2)on cell viability. FIG. 38A provides cell viability (%) data for TC71(Type 1, 7/6) cells exposed to TK100-OCD3 (Enantiomer 2) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 38B provides cell viability (%) data for SKES (Type2, 7/5) cells exposed to TK100-OCD3 (Enantiomer 2) at differentconcentrations. FIG. 38C provides cell viability (%) data for A4573(Type 3, 10/6) cells exposed to TK100-OCD3 (Enantiomer 2) at differentconcentrations.

FIG. 39 provides data comparing the activity of various compounds andanalogs as a percentage of the activity of TK-216-2 with respect toapoptosis, 18 hour treatment, CASP-3 fluorogenic substrate cleavage.

FIG. 40 provides data comparing the activity of various compounds andanalogs normalized to the activity of TK-216-2 with respect toapoptosis, 18 hour treatment, CASP-3 fluorogenic substrate cleavage.

FIG. 41 provides EWS/Fli 1 activity (firefly luciferase units/μg proteinlysate) for various compounds and analogs at 1 μM and 3 μMconcentrations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description and examples illustrate a preferred embodimentof the present invention in detail. Those of skill in the art willrecognize that there are numerous variations and modifications of thisinvention that are encompassed by its scope. Accordingly, thedescription of a preferred embodiment should not be deemed to limit thescope of the present invention

Chromosomal translocations generating oncogenic transcription factorsare the hallmark of a variety of tumors, including many sarcomas. Ewingsarcoma family of tumors (ESFTs) are characterized by thet(11;22)(q24;q12) translocation that generates the Ewing sarcomabreakpoint region 1 and Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (EWS-FLI1)fusion transcription factor responsible for the highly malignantphenotype of this tumor. Continued expression of EWS-FLI1 is believed tobe critical for ESFT cell survival. EWS-FLI1 is an attractive treatmenttarget for Ewing sarcoma because of its malignant cell specificity.Furthermore, experimental evidence indicates that EWS/FLI expression isessential for Ewing sarcoma tumor cells. In vitro targeting of EWS-FLI1with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and RNA interference (RNAi)inhibits Ewing sarcoma cell viability, growth, and oncogenictransformation, supporting EWS-FLI1 attenuation as a potential treatmentmodality. The therapeutic agents of the preferred embodiments have broadapplicability to a larger group of tumors, and are useful astherapeutics for treatment for other oncogenic transcription factorrelated malignancies such as chemotherapy-resistant sarcomas andleukemias and difficult to treat tumors such as Ewing's sarcoma.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art. All patents, applications, published applications and otherpublications referenced herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety unless stated otherwise. In the event that there is a pluralityof definitions for a term herein, those in this section prevail unlessstated otherwise.

As used herein, any “R” group(s) such as, without limitation, R₁, R₂,R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ represent substituentsthat can be attached to the indicated atom. An R group may besubstituted or unsubstituted. If two “R” groups are described as being“taken together” the R groups and the atoms they are attached to canform a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle. Forexample, without limitation, if R^(a) and R^(b) of an NR^(a)R^(b) groupare indicated to be “taken together,” it means that they are covalentlybonded to one another to form a ring:

In addition, if two “R” groups are described as being “taken together”with the atom(s) to which they are attached to form a ring as analternative, the R groups may not be limited to the variables orsubstituents defined previously.

As used herein, “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbonchain that comprises a fully saturated (no double or triple bonds)hydrocarbon group. The alkyl group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms(whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refersto each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 20 carbon atoms” meansthat the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although thepresent definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” whereno numerical range is designated). The alkyl group may also be a mediumsize alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group could also be alower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkyl group of the compoundsmay be designated as “C₁-C₆ alkyl” or similar designations. By way ofexample only, “C₁-C₆ alkyl” indicates that there are one to six carbonatoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from methyl,ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl,pentyl (straight and branched) and hexyl (straight and branched).Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl(straight and branched) and hexyl (straight and branched). The alkylgroup may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “cycloalkyl” refers to a completely saturated (no doubleor triple bonds) mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system. Whencomposed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in afused fashion. Cycloalkyl groups can contain 3 to 10 atoms in thering(s) or 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s). A cycloalkyl group may beunsubstituted or substituted. Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but arein no way limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.

As used herein, “aryl” refers to a carbocyclic (all carbon) mono-cyclicor multi-cyclic aromatic ring system (including fused ring systems wheretwo carbocyclic rings share a chemical bond) that has a fullydelocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings. The number ofcarbon atoms in an aryl group can vary. For example, the aryl group canbe a C₆-C₁₄ aryl group, a C₆-C₁₀ aryl group, or a C₆ aryl group.Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzene,naphthalene and azulene. An aryl group may be substituted orunsubstituted.

As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers to a mono-cyclic or multi-cyclicaromatic ring system (a ring system with fully delocalized pi-electronsystem) that contain(s) one or more heteroatoms (for example, 1 to 5heteroatoms), that is, an element other than carbon, including but notlimited to, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The number of atoms in thering(s) of a heteroaryl group can vary. For example, the heteroarylgroup can contain 4 to 14 atoms in the ring(s), 5 to 10 atoms in thering(s) or 5 to 6 atoms in the ring(s). Furthermore, the term“heteroaryl” includes fused ring systems where two rings, such as atleast one aryl ring and at least one heteroaryl ring, or at least twoheteroaryl rings, share at least one chemical bond. Examples ofheteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, furan, furazan,thiophene, benzothiophene, phthalazine, pyrrole, oxazole, benzoxazole,1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, thiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole,1,2,4-thiadiazole, benzothiazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, indole,indazole, pyrazole, benzopyrazole, isoxazole, benzoisoxazole,isothiazole, triazole, benzotriazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole, pyridine,pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, purine, pteridine, quinoline,isoquinoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline and triazine. Aheteroaryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, heterocycloalkyl refers to three-, four-, five-, six-,seven-, eight-, nine-, ten-, up to 18-membered mono-cyclic, bicyclic,and tricyclic ring system wherein carbon atoms together with from 1 to 5heteroatoms constitute said ring system. A heterocycle may optionallycontain one or more unsaturated bonds situated in such a way, however,that a fully delocalized pi-electron system does not occur throughoutall the rings. The heteroatom(s) is an element other than carbonincluding, but not limited to, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Aheterocycle may further contain one or more carbonyl or thiocarbonylfunctionalities, so as to make the definition include oxo-systems andthio-systems such as lactams, lactones, cyclic imides, cyclic thioimidesand cyclic carbamates. When composed of two or more rings, the rings maybe joined together in a fused fashion. Additionally, any nitrogens in aheterocycloalky may be quaternized. Heterocycloalkyl groups may beunsubstituted or substituted. Examples of such heterocycloalkyl groupsinclude but are not limited to, 1,3-dioxin, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane,1,2-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxolane, 1,3-oxathiane,1,4-oxathiin, 1,3-oxathiolane, 1,3-dithiole, 1,3-dithiolane,1,4-oxathiane, tetrahydro-1,4-thiazine, 2H-1,2-oxazine, maleimide,succinimide, barbituric acid, thiobarbituric acid, dioxopiperazine,hydantoin, dihydrouracil, trioxane, hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine,imidazoline, imidazolidine, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, oxazoline,oxazolidine, oxazolidinone, thiazoline, thiazolidine, morpholine,oxirane, piperidine N-Oxide, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine,pyrrolidone, pyrrolidione, 4-piperidone, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine,2-oxopyrrolidine, tetrahydropyran, 4H-pyran, tetrahydrothiopyran,thiamorpholine, thiamorpholine sulfoxide, thiamorpholine sulfone, andtheir benzo-fused analogs (e.g., benzimidazolidinone,tetrahydroquinoline and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl).

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of acompound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism towhich it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activityand properties of the compound. In some embodiments, the salt is an acidaddition salt of the compound. Pharmaceutical salts can be obtained byreacting a compound with inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acid (e.g.,hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid), sulfuric acid, nitric acid andphosphoric acid. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting acompound with an organic acid such as aliphatic or aromatic carboxylicor sulfonic acids, for example formic, acetic, succinic, lactic, malic,tartaric, citric, ascorbic, nicotinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic,p-toluensulfonic, salicylic or naphthalenesulfonic acid. Pharmaceuticalsalts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with a base to form asalt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium ora potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or amagnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine,N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl) methylamine, C₁-C₇ alkylamine,cyclohexylamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, and salts with aminoacids such as arginine and lysine.

It is understood that, in any compound described herein having one ormore chiral centers, if an absolute stereochemistry is not expresslyindicated, then each center may independently be of R-configuration orS-configuration or a mixture thereof. Thus, the compounds providedherein may be enantiomerically pure, enantiomerically enriched, racemicmixture, diastereomerically pure, diastereomerically enriched, or astereoisomeric mixture. In addition it is understood that, in anycompound described herein having one or more double bond(s) generatinggeometrical isomers that can be defined as E or Z, each double bond mayindependently be E or Z a mixture thereof.

It is to be understood that where compounds disclosed herein haveunfilled valencies, then the valencies are to be filled with hydrogensor isotopes thereof, e.g., hydrogen-1 (protium), hydrogen-2 (deuterium),and hydrogen-3 (tritium). In any chemical formulae presented herein, itis to be understood that H represents protium, D represents deuterium,and T represents tritium.

It is understood that the compounds described herein can be labeledisotopically. Substitution with isotopes such as deuterium may affordcertain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolicstability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduceddosage requirements. Each chemical element as represented in a compoundstructure may include any isotope of said element. For example, in acompound structure a hydrogen atom may be explicitly disclosed orunderstood to be present in the compound. At any position of thecompound that a hydrogen atom may be present, the hydrogen atom can beany isotope of hydrogen, including but not limited to hydrogen-1(protium), hydrogen-2 (deuterium), and hydrogen-3 (tritium). Similarly,isotopes of carbon are also contemplated, e.g., carbon-12 (¹²C),carbon-13 (¹³ C), and carbon-14 (¹⁴C). Thus, reference herein to acompound encompasses all potential isotopic forms unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise.

It is understood that the methods and combinations described hereininclude crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs, which include thedifferent crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental compositionof a compound), amorphous phases, salts, solvates, and hydrates. In someembodiments, the compounds described herein exist in solvated forms withpharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or thelike. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein exist inunsolvated form. Solvates contain either stoichiometric ornon-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during theprocess of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solventssuch as water, ethanol, or the like. Hydrates are formed when thesolvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol.In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated aswell as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are consideredequivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds andmethods provided herein.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that the upper andlower limit, and each intervening value between the upper and lowerlimit of the range is encompassed within the embodiments.

Compounds

In a first aspect a compound is provided having Formula (I):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —OH, D, H,F, and —NH₂; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, Cl, —CN, —CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,—C(═O)NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, and —OH; and wherein R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl,halogen, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O(aryl),—O(heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NHSO₂(aryl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)CONH₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CON(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl.

In an embodiment of the first aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H and Cl.

In an embodiment of the first aspect, R₁ and R₄ are Cl and R₂ and R₃ areH.

In an embodiment of the first aspect, A is —OH.

In an embodiment of the first aspect, R₇, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are H.

In an embodiment of the first aspect, R₉ is —OCH₃.

In an embodiment of the first aspect, the compound has a Formula (I-12):

In a second aspect a compound is provided having Formula (II):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —OH, D, H,F, and —NH₂; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, Cl, —CN, —CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,—C(═O)NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, and —OH; R₇, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, halogen, CN, CF₃,C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O(aryl), —O(heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NHCON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CONH₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CONH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂,—SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₈heterocycloalkyl; and wherein R₁₂ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl.

In an embodiment of the second aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H and Cl.

In an embodiment of the second aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H and Cl.

In an embodiment of the second aspect, A is —OH.

In an embodiment of the second aspect, R₇, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are H.

In an embodiment of the second aspect, R₁₂ is —CH₃.

In an embodiment of the second aspect, the compound has a Formula(II-13):

In a third aspect a compound is provided having Formula (III):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of H, Cl, —CN, —CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,—C(═O)NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, and —OH; wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀ and R₁₁ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl,halogen, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O(aryl),—O(heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NHSO₂(aryl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)CONH₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CON(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl; and wherein R₁₂ andR₁₃ are independently substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In an embodiment of the third aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H and Cl.

In an embodiment of the third aspect, R₁ and R₄ are Cl and R₂ and R₃ areH.

In an embodiment of the third aspect, R₇, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are H.

In an embodiment of the third aspect, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are —CH₃.

In an embodiment of the third aspect, the compound has a Formula(III-14);

In a fourth aspect a compound is provided having a Formula (IV-A),(IV-B), (IV-C), or (IV-D):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —OH, D, H,F, and —NH₂; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, Cl, —CN, —CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,—C(═O)NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, and —OH; and wherein R₈, R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl,halogen, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O(aryl),—O(heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NHSO₂(aryl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)CONH₂, alkyl)CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂,—SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl.

In an embodiment of the fourth aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H and Cl.

In an embodiment of the fourth aspect, R₁ and R₄ are Cl and R₂ and R₃are H.

In an embodiment of the fourth aspect, A is —OH.

In an embodiment of the fourth aspect, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are H.

In an embodiment of the fourth aspect, R₉ is H.

In an embodiment of the second aspect, the compound has a Formula(IV-15), (IV-16), (IV-17), or (IV-18):

In a fifth aspect a compound is provided having Formula (V):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —OH, D, H,F, and —NH₂; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, Cl, —CN, —CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,—C(═O)NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, and —OH; and wherein R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl,halogen, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O(aryl),—O(heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NHSO₂(aryl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)CONH₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CON(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl.

In an embodiment of the fifth aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H and Cl.

In an embodiment of the fifth aspect, R₁ and R₄ are Cl and R₂ and R₃ areH.

In an embodiment of the fifth aspect, A is —OH.

In an embodiment of the fifth aspect, R₇, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are H.

In an embodiment of the fifth aspect, R₉ is —OCH₃.

In an embodiment of the fifth aspect, the compound has a Formula (V-19):

In a sixth aspect a compound is provided having Formula (VI):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —OH, D, H,F, and —NH₂; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, Cl, —CN, —CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,—C(═O)NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, and —OH; and wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl,halogen, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O(aryl),—O(heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NHSO₂(aryl),—NHCONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)CONH₂, alkyl)CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂,—SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl.

In an embodiment of the sixth aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H and Cl.

In an embodiment of the sixth aspect, R₁ and R₄ are Cl and R₂ and R₃ areH.

In an embodiment of the sixth aspect, A is —OH.

In an embodiment of the sixth aspect, R₇, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are H.

In an embodiment of the sixth aspect, the compound has a Formula(VI-20):

In a seventh aspect a compound is provided having Formula (VII):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —OH, D, H,F, and —NH₂; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, Cl, —CN, —CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,—C(═O)NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, and —OH; and wherein G is selected from the groupconsisting of

In an embodiment of the seventh aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H and Cl.

In an embodiment of the seventh aspect, R₁ and R₄ are Cl, and R₂ and R₃are H.

In an embodiment of the seventh aspect, A is —OH.

In an embodiment of the seventh aspect, the compound has a Formula(VII-20-21):

In an eighth aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprising thecompound of any of the first through sixth aspects or any embodimentthereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided.

In an ninth aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compoundof any of the first through sixth aspects or any embodiment thereof anda pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is provided.

In a tenth aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprisingthe compound of any of the first through sixth aspects or any embodimentthereof and at least one additional pharmaceutically active agent.

In a eleventh aspect, a method for treating cancer is providedcomprising administering an effective amount of the compound of thefirst aspect or any embodiment thereof to a subject in need thereof

In an embodiment of the eleventh aspect, the subject is mammalian.

In an embodiment of the eleventh aspect, the subject is human.

In an embodiment of the eleventh aspect, the cancer is selected from thegroup consisting of Ewing's sarcoma, prostate cancer, glioblastoma,acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma,non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer.

In an twelfth aspect, a method of killing or inhibiting the growth of aneoplastic cell is provided, comprising contacting the cell with aneffective amount of the compound of the first aspect or any embodimentthereof.

In an embodiment of the twelfth aspect, the cell is mammalian.

In an embodiment of the twelfth aspect, the cell is human.

In an embodiment of the twelfth aspect, the cell is in vitro.

In an embodiment of the twelfth aspect, the cell is in vivo.

In an embodiment of the twelfth aspect, the cell is a cancer cell, thecancer being selected from the group consisting of Ewing's sarcoma,prostate cancer, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer,head & neck cancer, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, ovariancancer, and uterine cancer.

In a thirteenth aspect, a method for inhibiting proliferation of a cell,wherein the cell overexpresses an ETS gene or comprises an ETS fusiongene, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of thecompound of the first aspect or any embodiment thereof

In an embodiment of the thirteenth aspect, the ETS gene or the ETSfusion gene is selected from the group consisting of FLI1, ERG, ETV1,and ETV4.

In an embodiment of the thirteenth aspect, the cell is mammalian.

In an embodiment of the thirteenth aspect, the cell is human.

In an embodiment of the thirteenth aspect, the cell is in vitro.

In an embodiment of the thirteenth aspect, the cell is in vivo.

In an embodiment of the thirteenth aspect, the cell is a cancer cell,the cancer being selected from the group consisting of Ewing's sarcoma,prostate cancer, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer,head & neck cancer, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, ovariancancer, and uterine cancer.

Any of the features of an embodiment of the first through thirteenthaspects is applicable to all aspects and embodiments identified herein.Moreover, any of the features of an embodiment of the first throughthirteenth aspects is independently combinable, partly or wholly withother embodiments described herein in any way, e.g., one, two, or threeor more embodiments may be combinable in whole or in part. Further, anyof the features of an embodiment of the first through thirteenth aspectsmay be made optional to other aspects or embodiments. Any aspect orembodiment of a method can be performed using a compound or compositionof another aspect or embodiment, and any aspect or embodiment of acompound or composition can be used to perform a method of anotheraspect or embodiment.

Synthetic Methods

Compounds of Formulae (I)-(VII) described herein may be prepared invarious ways. General synthetic routes to compounds of Formulae(I)-(VII) are shown and described herein. The routes shown and describedherein are illustrative only and are not intended, nor are they to beconstrued, to limit the scope of the claims in any manner whatsoever.Those skilled in the art will be able to recognize modifications of thedisclosed syntheses and to devise alternate routes based on thedisclosures herein; all such modifications and alternate routes arewithin the scope of the claims.

Compounds of Formula (I)

Compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared by the following syntheticroute. The synthetic route is a modification of a route described inThompson et al. “Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. 1. Structure-ActivityRelationships for Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor ReceptorTyrosine Kinase Activity by 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-1H-indole-3-alkanoicAcids and 2,2′-Dithiobis(1 H -indole-3-alkanoic acids)” J. Med. Chem.1993, 36, 2459-2469, the contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety.

Compounds of Formula (II)

Compounds of Formula (II) can be prepared by the following syntheticroute. The synthetic route is a modification of routes described inAl-Rawi, H.; Williams, A.; Journal of the American Chemical Society;vol. 99; (1977); p. 2671-2678; Kulkarni; Naik; Tandel; Rajappa;Tetrahedron; vol. 47; nb. 7; (1991); p. 1249-1256; Deshpande, Sunita R.;Likhite, Anjali P.; Rajappa, Srinivasachari; Tetrahedron; vol. 50; nb.34; (1994); p. 10367-10370; Al Sabbagh, Mohamed Mowafak; Calmon,Michelle; Calmon, Jean-Pierre; Bulletin de la Societe Chimique deFrance; vol. 2; nb. 3-4; (1983); p. 73-77; Iwakura; Nabeya; Journal ofOrganic Chemistry; vol. 26; (1961); p. 4384,4387; Iwakura; Nabeya;Journal of Organic Chemistry; vol. 26; (1961); p. 4384,4387;Schwezowa-Schilowskaja et al.; J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.); vol.33; (1963); p. 2109,2054; and US Pat. No. 4,376,731, the contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Compounds of Formula (III)

Compounds of Formula (II) can be prepared by the following syntheticroute. The synthetic route is a modification of routes described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 3,631,177; 3,592,813; 3,435,034;and Kobayashi et al. “Studieson Indole Derivatives. I. Synthesis of3-Phenyl-9H-pyridazino[3,4-b]indole Derivatives” Chemical &Pharmaceutical Bulletin 12(10), October 1964, 1129-1135, the contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Compounds of Formula (IV)

Compounds of Formula (IV) can be prepared by the following syntheticroutes.

Compounds of Formula (IV-A)

Two alternative routes can be employed to prepare compounds of Formula(IV-A). In one approach, the indazole is formed in the last step of thesynthetic sequence via intramolecular displacement of the fluorine atomof penultimate intermediate (IV-15A). Elevated temperatures may berequired, however, and this may lead to elimination of a tertiaryhydroxyl group leading to the E/Z olefin.

An alternative synthetic approach involves use of an organometallicindazole reagent that may be generated by different methods, either asthe Li or Mg organometallic by direct deprotonation or halogen exchange.Cuprates can also be used when opening epoxides, as described inWO2004/18441; WO2006/135826; Lipshutz et al., Journal of OrganicChemistry; vol. 49; nb. 21; (1984); p. 3928-3938; Sone et al., Journalof the American Chemical Society; vol. 130; nb. 31; (2008); p.10078-10079; WO2012/177603; Chen et al., Journal of Organic Chemistry;vol. 62; nb. 13; (1997); p. 4349-4357; Yadav et al., TetrahedronLetters; vol. 42; nb. 13; (2001); p. 2557-2559; Archelas; Furstoss;Journal of Organic Chemistry; vol. 64; nb. 16; (1999); p. 6112-6114;Fujisawa et al., Chemistry Letters; (1988); p. 59-62; U.S. Pat. No.5,057,529; Wakabayashi et al., Journal of Organic Chemistry; vol. 75;nb. 13; (2010); p. 4337-4343; Kireenko et al., Dalton Transactions; vol.44; nb. 26; (2015); p. 11963-11976; Bawden et al., European Journal ofMedicinal Chemistry; vol. 18; nb. 1; (1983); p. 91-96; Coppola et al.,Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry; vol. 18; (1981); p. 31-35; EP613890;U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,436; Cristol et al.; Journal of the AmericanChemical Society; vol. 73; (1951); p. 816; Lipshutz et al., Journal ofthe American Chemical Society; vol. 104; nb. 8; (1982); p. 2305-2307;U.S. 2016/75712; Lam et al., Chemistry—A European Journal; vol. 22; nb.13; (2016); p. 4440-4446; Buchstaller et al., Synthesis; nb. 19; (2011);p. 3089-3098; Art.No: T48411SS; Lynch et al., Bioorganic and MedicinalChemistry Letters; vol. 23; nb. 9; (2013); p. 2793-2800; Youngsaye etal., Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry; vol. 9; (2013); p.1501-1507; Slade et al., Journal of Organic Chemistry; vol. 74; nb. 16;(2009); p. 6331-6334; Lukin et al., Journal of Organic Chemistry; vol.71; nb. 21; (2006); p. 8166-8172; Tung et al., Journal of MedicinalChemistry; vol. 54; nb. 8; (2011); p. 3076-3080; WO2012/3418; Wheeler etal., Organic Process Research and Development; vol. 15; nb. 3; (2011);p. 565-569; WO2014/152144; Tono-Oka et al., Bulletin of the ChemicalSociety of Japan; vol. 58; nb. 1; (1985); p. 309-315; Vernekar et al.,Journal of Medicinal Chemistry; vol. 53; nb. 5; (2010); p. 2324-2328;Shimada et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry; vol. 16; nb. 4;(2008); p. 1966-1982; Senwar et al., European Journal of MedicinalChemistry; vol. 102; (2015); p. 413-424; Art. No: 8053; Hajra et al.,Organic Letters; vol. 17; nb. 14; (2015); p. 3430-3433; Gorokhovik etal., Organic Letters; vol. 13; nb. 20; (2011); p. 5536-5539; Pace etal., Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis; vol. 358; nb. 2; (2016); p.172-177; Kennewell et al., Journal of Chemical Research, Miniprint; nb.10; (1995); p. 2380-2388; Chouhan et al., Green Chemistry; vol. 13; nb.9; (2011); p. 2553-2560; Li et al., Organic Letters; vol. 17; nb. 5;(2015); p. 1098-1101; Allous et al., European Journal of OrganicChemistry; nb. 27; (2011); p. 5303-5310; Wille, S., Synthesis; nb. 5;(2001); p. 759-762; Aikawa et al., European Journal of OrganicChemistry; nb. 1; (2011); p. 62-65; Vyas et al., Journal of OrganicChemistry; vol. 75; nb. 19; (2010); p. 6720-6723; Banerjee et al., RSCAdvances; vol. 4; nb. 63; (2014); p. 33236-33244; Sabahi et al.,Angewandte Chemie—International Edition; vol. 45; nb. 26; (2006); p.4317-4320; Noole et al., Chemistry—A European Journal; vol. 18; nb. 47;(2012); p. 14929-14933; Li et al., Angewandte Chemie—InternationalEdition; vol. 52; nb. 17; (2013); p. 4628-4632; Quintavalla et al.,Journal of Organic Chemistry; vol. 78; nb. 23; (2013); p. 12049-12064;Badiola et al., Journal of the American Chemical Society; vol. 136; nb.51; (2014); p. 17869-17881, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety. 6-Methoxy-1H-indazole canbe prepared from 6-hydroxy indazole or 2-fluoro-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde.

Compounds of Formula (IV-B)

Compounds of Formula (IV-B) can be prepared using modifications ofreactions as described in U.S. 2008/194661; WO2006/109933; Lebouvier etal., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters; vol. 17; nb. 13;(2007); p. 3686-3689, the contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety. 5-Methoxy-1H-indazole can be prepared from2-fluoro-5-methoxy-benzaldehyde (see Lukin, JOC, 2006, p.8166).

Compounds of Formula (IV-C)

Compounds of Formula (IV-C) can be prepared using modifications ofreactions as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,984; Chen et al., OrganicLetters; vol. 13; nb. 23; (2011); p. 6300-6303; Villalobos et al.,Journal of Medicinal Chemistry; vol. 37; nb. 17; (1994); p. 2721-2734;Sahasrabudhe et al., Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section B: OrganicChemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry; vol. 22; nb. 12; (1983); p.1266-1267; U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,503, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.6-methoxy-3-methylbenzo[d]isoxazole can be prepared from2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-acetophenone.

Compounds of Formula (IV-D)

Compounds of Formula (IV-D) can be prepared using modifications ofreactions as described in Villalobos et al., Journal of MedicinalChemistry; vol. 37; nb. 17; (1994); p. 2721-2734; Buchwald, S.; Watson,B. T.; Lum, R. T.; Journal of the American Chemical Society; vol. 109;(1987); p. 7137, McKinnon, David M.; Lee, Kingsley R.; Canadian Journalof Chemistry; vol. 66; (1988); p. 1405-1409; Devarie-Baez, Nelmi O.;Xian, Ming; Organic Letters; vol. 12; nb. 4; (2010); p. 752-754; Creed;Leardini; McNab; Nanni; Nicolson; Reed; Journal of the Chemical Society.Perkin Transactions 1; nb. 9; (2001); p. 1079-1085; Clarke, K. et al.;Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic andBio-Organic Chemistry (1972-1999); (1973); p. 356-359; Carrington, D. E.L. et al.; Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1:Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry (1972-1999); (1972); p. 3006-3010;U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,503; WO2010/33643; Lou, Zhen-Bang; Pang, Xin-Long;Chen, Chao; Wen, Li-Rong; Li, Ming; Chinese Chemical Letters; vol. 26;nb. 10; (2015); p. 1231-1235; Chen, Qiang; Huo, Xing; Zheng, Huaiji;She, Xuegong; Synlett; vol. 23; nb. 9; (2012); p. 1349-1352; Wang,Feijun; Zhang, Yong Jian; Wei, Hao; Zhang, Jiaming; Zhang, Wanbin;Tetrahedron Letters; vol. 48; nb. 23; (2007); p. 4083-4086; Wang,Feijun; Zhang, Yong Jian; Yang, Guoqiang; Zhang, Wanbin; TetrahedronLetters; vol. 48; nb. 24; (2007); p. 4179-4182; Pump, Eva; Poater,Albert; Zirngast, Michaela; Torvisco, Ana; Fischer, Roland; Cavallo,Luigi; Slugovc, Christian; Organometallics; vol. 33; nb. 11; (2014); p.2806-2813; Moreno-Sanz, Guillermo; Duranti, Andrea; Melzig, Laurin;Fiorelli, Claudio; Ruda, Gian Filippo; Colombano, Giampiero;Mestichelli, Paola; Sanchini, Silvano; Tontini, Andrea; Mor, Marco;Bandiera, Tiziano; Scarpelli, Rita; Tarzia, Giorgio; Piomelli, Daniele;Journal of Medicinal Chemistry; vol. 56; nb. 14; (2013); p. 5917-5930;WO2011/30955; U.S. 2012/214991; Oki; Bulletin of the Chemical Society ofJapan; vol. 26; (1953); p. 331,334; Zara-Kaczian, Erzsebet; Deak, Gyula;Gyoergy, Lajos; Acta Chimica Hungarica; vol. 126; nb. 4; (1989); p.441-454; Bartoli, Giuseppe; Bosco, Marcella; Marcantoni, Enrico;Massaccesi, Massimo; Rinaldi, Samuele; Sambri, Letizia; TetrahedronLetters; vol. 43; nb. 36; (2002); p. 6331-6333; U.S. 2010/4159; Zhang,Xiaohong; Lou, Cong; Li, Ningbo; Xu, Xinhua; Qiu, Renhua; Yin,Shuangfeng; Journal of Organometallic Chemistry; vol. 749; (2014); p.241-245; Tan, Lay Pheng; Wu, Hao; Yang, Peng-Yu; Kalesh, Karunakaran A.;Zhang, Xiaohua; Hu, Mingyu; Srinivasan, Rajavel; Yao, Shao Q.; OrganicLetters; vol. 11; nb. 22; (2009); p. 5102-5105, the contents of whichare hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 6-Methoxy-3-methylbenzo[d]isothiazole can be prepared from2-fluoro-4-methoxy-acetophenone or 2- bromo-4-methoxy-acetophenone.

Compounds of Formula (V)

Compounds of Formula (V) can be prepared by the following syntheticroute, and using modifications of reactions as described in Dubinski etal., Diazirine based photoaffinity labeling, Bioorganic & MedicinalChemistry 20 (2012) 554-570, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

Compounds of Formula (VI)

Compounds of Formula (VI) can be prepared by the following syntheticroutes. 1-(4-azidophenyl)ethan-1-one can be prepared from4-amino-acetophenone.

An alternative route can also be employed.

Compounds of Formula (VII)

Compounds of Formula (VII) can be prepared using standard condensationconditions between the 4,7-dichloroisatin and a suitable methyl-arylketone. For example, see:

The following synthetic route can be employed:

Descriptions of synthetic routes that can be adapted to the preparationof compounds of Formula (VII) include the following: Reck, et al.;Journal of Medicinal Chemistry; vol. 50; nb. 20; (2007); p. 4868-4881;WO98/46605; WO2005/116022; WO2005/116023; Markevitch, et al.; 33; 19;2003; 3285-3290; Fosso, et al.; Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; vol.13; nb. 36; (2015); p. 9418-9426; WO2008/108988; Jo, et al.; Bioorganicand Medicinal Chemistry; vol. 12; nb. 22; (2004); p. 5909-5915; Abarca,et al.; Tetrahedron; vol. 64; nb. 17; (2008); p. 3794-3801; Huo, et al.;Dalton Transactions; vol. 40; nb. 29; (2011); p. 7534-7540;WO2015/27021; WO2012/21467; U.S. 2014/249132; WO2008/91681; U.S. Pat.No. 2010/16298; WO2013/144224; WO2013/91096; Matulenko, et al.;Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry; vol. 13; nb. 11; (2005); p.3705-3720; Karlsson, O11e; Synthetic Communications; vol. 11; nb. 1;(1981); p. 29-34; Sun, et al.; Bioorganic and Medicinal ChemistryLetters; vol. 21; nb. 19; (2011); p. 5849-5853; U.S. Pat. No. 9,138,427;Stamford, et al.; ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters; vol. 3; nb. 11;(2012); p. 897-902; U.S. 2003/114666; WO2014/31784; Stanetty, et al.;Monatshefte fuer Chemie; vol. 120; (1989); p. 53-63; Sharf, et al.;Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds (New York, N.Y., United States);vol. 18; nb. 2; (1982); p. 130-133; Khimiya GeterotsiklicheskikhSoedinenii; vol. 18; nb. 2; (1982); p. 171-175; Molander, et al.;Journal of Organic Chemistry; vol. 73; nb. 19; (2008); p. 7481-7485;WO2015/134701.

Salt Forms

Depending upon the substituents present, the small molecule inhibitorscan be in a form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The terms“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein are broad terms, andis to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person ofordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special orcustomized meaning), and refers without limitation to salts preparedfrom pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic acids or bases. Suitablepharmaceutically acceptable salts include metallic salts, e.g., salts ofaluminum, zinc, alkali metal salts such as lithium, sodium, andpotassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium andmagnesium salts; organic salts, e.g., salts of lysine,N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine,ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine), procaine, and tris;salts of free acids and bases; inorganic salts, e.g., sulfate,hydrochloride, and hydrobromide; and other salts which are currently inwidespread pharmaceutical use and are listed in sources well known tothose of skill in the art, such as, for example, The Merck Index. Anysuitable constituent can be selected to make a salt of the therapeuticagents discussed herein, provided that it is non-toxic and does notsubstantially interfere with the desired activity.

Isomeric Forms

The compounds of preferred embodiments can include isomers, racemates,optical isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, and cis/transconformers. All such isomeric forms are included within preferredembodiments, including mixtures thereof. As discussed above, thecompounds of preferred embodiments may have chiral centers, for example,they may contain asymmetric carbon atoms and may thus exist in the formof enantiomers or diastereoisomers and mixtures thereof, e.g.,racemates. Asymmetric carbon atom(s) can be present in the (R)- or(S)-configuration, or can be present as mixtures of the (R)- and(S)-forms. The following are isomeric forms of the compounds of Formulae(I)-(VII):

The compounds can be in amorphous form, or in crystalline forms. Thecrystalline forms of the compounds of preferred embodiments can exist aspolymorphs, which are included in preferred embodiments. In addition,some of the compounds of preferred embodiments may also form solvateswith water or other organic solvents. Such solvates are similarlyincluded within the scope of the preferred embodiments.

Certain Pharmaceutical Compositions

It is generally preferred to administer the inhibitors of preferredembodiments in an intravenous or subcutaneous unit dosage form; however,other routes of administration are also contemplated. Contemplatedroutes of administration include but are not limited to oral,parenteral, intravenous, and subcutaneous. The inhibitors of preferredembodiments can be formulated into liquid preparations for, e.g., oraladministration. Suitable forms include suspensions, syrups, elixirs, andthe like. Particularly preferred unit dosage forms for oraladministration include tablets and capsules. Unit dosage formsconfigured for administration once a day are particularly preferred;however, in certain embodiments it can be desirable to configure theunit dosage form for administration twice a day, or more.

The pharmaceutical compositions of preferred embodiments are preferablyisotonic with the blood or other body fluid of the recipient. Theisotonicity of the compositions can be attained using sodium tartrate,propylene glycol or other inorganic or organic solutes. Sodium chlorideis particularly preferred. Buffering agents can be employed, such asacetic acid and salts, citric acid and salts, boric acid and salts, andphosphoric acid and salts. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloridesolution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactatedRinger's or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrientreplenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer'sdextrose), and the like.

Viscosity of the pharmaceutical compositions can be maintained at theselected level using a pharmaceutically acceptable thickening agent.Methylcellulose is preferred because it is readily and economicallyavailable and is easy to work with. Other suitable thickening agentsinclude, for example, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl cellulose, carbomer, and the like. The preferredconcentration of the thickener will depend upon the thickening agentselected. An amount is preferably used that will achieve the selectedviscosity. Viscous compositions are normally prepared from solutions bythe addition of such thickening agents.

A pharmaceutically acceptable preservative can be employed to increasethe shelf life of the pharmaceutical compositions. Benzyl alcohol can besuitable, although a variety of preservatives including, for example,parabens, thimerosal, chlorobutanol, or benzalkonium chloride can alsobe employed. A suitable concentration of the preservative is typicallyfrom about 0.02% to about 2% based on the total weight of thecomposition, although larger or smaller amounts can be desirabledepending upon the agent selected. Reducing agents, as described above,can be advantageously used to maintain good shelf life of theformulation.

The inhibitors of preferred embodiments can be in admixture with asuitable carrier, diluent, or excipient such as sterile water,physiological saline, glucose, or the like, and can contain auxiliarysubstances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents,gelling or viscosity enhancing additives, preservatives, flavoringagents, colors, and the like, depending upon the route of administrationand the preparation desired. See, e.g., “Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy”, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 20th edition (Jun.1, 2003) and “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Pub. Co.;18^(th) and 19^(th) editions (December 1985, and June 1990,respectively). Such preparations can include complexing agents, metalions, polymeric compounds such as polyacetic acid, polyglycolic acid,hydrogels, dextran, and the like, liposomes, microemulsions, micelles,unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles, erythrocyte ghosts orspheroblasts. Suitable lipids for liposomal formulation include, withoutlimitation, monoglycerides, diglycerides, sulfatides, lysolecithin,phospholipids, saponin, bile acids, and the like. The presence of suchadditional components can influence the physical state, solubility,stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance, andare thus chosen according to the intended application, such that thecharacteristics of the carrier are tailored to the selected route ofadministration.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions can be providedas a tablet, aqueous or oil suspension, dispersible powder or granule,emulsion, hard or soft capsule, syrup or elixir. Compositions intendedfor oral use can be prepared according to any method known in the artfor the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and can include oneor more of the following agents: sweeteners, flavoring agents, coloringagents and preservatives. Aqueous suspensions can contain the activeingredient in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture ofaqueous suspensions.

Formulations for oral use can also be provided as hard gelatin capsules,wherein the active ingredient(s) are mixed with an inert solid diluent,such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin, or as softgelatin capsules. In soft capsules, the inhibitors can be dissolved orsuspended in suitable liquids, such as water or an oil medium, such aspeanut oil, olive oil, fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquidpolyethylene glycols. Stabilizers and microspheres formulated for oraladministration can also be used. Capsules can include push-fit capsulesmade of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and aplasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules cancontain the active ingredient in admixture with fillers such as lactose,binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesiumstearate and, optionally, stabilizers.

Tablets can be uncoated or coated by known methods to delaydisintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and therebyprovide a sustained action over a longer period of time. For example, atime delay material such as glyceryl monostearate can be used. Whenadministered in solid form, such as tablet form, the solid formtypically comprises from about 0.001 wt. % or less to about 50 wt. % ormore of active ingredient(s), preferably from about 0.005, 0.01, 0.02,0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6,0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 wt. % to about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20,25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 wt. %.

Tablets can contain the active ingredients in admixture with non-toxicpharmaceutically acceptable excipients including inert materials. Forexample, a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding, optionally,with one or more additional ingredients. Compressed tablets can beprepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredients ina free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with abinder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent.Molded tablets can be made by molding, in a suitable machine, a mixtureof the powdered inhibitor moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

Preferably, each tablet or capsule contains from about 1 mg or less toabout 1,000 mg or more of an inhibitor of the preferred embodiments,more preferably from about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 mgto about 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700,750, 800, or 900 mg. Most preferably, tablets or capsules are providedin a range of dosages to permit divided dosages to be administered. Adosage appropriate to the patient and the number of doses to beadministered daily can thus be conveniently selected. In certainembodiments it can be preferred to incorporate two or more of thetherapeutic agents to be administered into a single tablet or otherdosage form (e.g., in a combination therapy); however, in otherembodiments it can be preferred to provide the therapeutic agents inseparate dosage forms.

Suitable inert materials include diluents, such as carbohydrates,mannitol, lactose, anhydrous lactose, cellulose, sucrose, modifieddextrans, starch, and the like, or inorganic salts such as calciumtriphosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium phosphate, calcium carbonate,sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and sodium chloride.Disintegrants or granulating agents can be included in the formulation,for example, starches such as corn starch, alginic acid, sodium starchglycolate, Amberlite, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ultramylopectin,sodium alginate, gelatin, orange peel, acid carboxymethyl cellulose,natural sponge and bentonite, insoluble cationic exchange resins,powdered gums such as agar, karaya or tragacanth, or alginic acid orsalts thereof.

Binders can be used to form a hard tablet. Binders include materialsfrom natural products such as acacia, tragacanth, starch and gelatin,methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and the like.

Lubricants, such as stearic acid or magnesium or calcium salts thereof,polytetrafluoroethylene, liquid paraffin, vegetable oils and waxes,sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium lauryl sulfate, polyethylene glycol,starch, talc, pyrogenic silica, hydrated silicoaluminate, and the like,can be included in tablet formulations.

Surfactants can also be employed, for example, anionic detergents suchas sodium lauryl sulfate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and dioctylsodium sulfonate, cationic such as benzalkonium chloride or benzethoniumchloride, or nonionic detergents such as polyoxyethylene hydrogenatedcastor oil, glycerol monostearate, polysorbates, sucrose fatty acidester, methyl cellulose, or carboxymethyl cellulose.

Controlled release formulations can be employed wherein the amifostineor analog(s) thereof is incorporated into an inert matrix that permitsrelease by either diffusion or leaching mechanisms. Slowly degeneratingmatrices can also be incorporated into the formulation. Other deliverysystems can include timed release, delayed release, or sustained releasedelivery systems.

Coatings can be used, for example, nonenteric materials such as methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylhydroxy-ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose,sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose, providone and the polyethylene glycols,or enteric materials such as phthalic acid esters. Dyestuffs or pigmentscan be added for identification or to characterize differentcombinations of inhibitor doses

When administered orally in liquid form, a liquid carrier such as water,petroleum, oils of animal or plant origin such as peanut oil, mineraloil, soybean oil, or sesame oil, or synthetic oils can be added to theactive ingredient(s). Physiological saline solution, dextrose, or othersaccharide solution, or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propyleneglycol, or polyethylene glycol are also suitable liquid carriers. Thepharmaceutical compositions can also be in the form of oil-in-wateremulsions. The oily phase can be a vegetable oil, such as olive orarachis oil, a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin, or a mixturethereof. Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gumssuch as gum acacia and gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides,such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fattyacids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan mono-oleate, andcondensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, suchas polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate. The emulsions can also containsweetening and flavoring agents.

Pulmonary delivery can also be employed. The compound is delivered tothe lungs while inhaling and traverses across the lung epithelial liningto the blood stream. A wide range of mechanical devices designed forpulmonary delivery of therapeutic products can be employed, includingbut not limited to nebulizers, metered dose inhalers, and powderinhalers, all of which are familiar to those skilled in the art. Thesedevices employ formulations suitable for the dispensing of compound.Typically, each formulation is specific to the type of device employedand can involve the use of an appropriate propellant material, inaddition to diluents, adjuvants, and/or carriers useful in therapy.

The compound and/or other optional active ingredients are advantageouslyprepared for pulmonary delivery in particulate form with an averageparticle size of from 0.1 μm or less to 10 μm or more, more preferablyfrom about 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, or 0.9 μm to about 1.0,1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0,8.5, 9.0, or 9.5 μm. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for pulmonarydelivery of inhibitor include carbohydrates such as trehalose, mannitol,xylitol, sucrose, lactose, and sorbitol. Other ingredients for use informulations can include DPPC, DOPE, DSPC, and DOPC. Natural orsynthetic surfactants can be used, including polyethylene glycol anddextrans, such as cyclodextran. Bile salts and other related enhancers,as well as cellulose and cellulose derivatives, and amino acids can alsobe used. Liposomes, microcapsules, microspheres, inclusion complexes,and other types of carriers can also be employed.

Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for use with a nebulizer, eitherjet or ultrasonic, typically comprise the inhibitor dissolved orsuspended in water at a concentration of about 0.01 or less to 100 mg ormore of inhibitor per mL of solution, preferably from about 0.1, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mg to about 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, or 90 mg per mL of solution. The formulationcan also include a buffer and a simple sugar (e.g., for proteinstabilization and regulation of osmotic pressure). The nebulizerformulation can also contain a surfactant, to reduce or prevent surfaceinduced aggregation of the inhibitor caused by atomization of thesolution in forming the aerosol.

Formulations for use with a metered-dose inhaler device generallycomprise a finely divided powder containing the active ingredientssuspended in a propellant with the aid of a surfactant. The propellantcan include conventional propellants, such as chlorofluorocarbons,hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and hydrocarbons.Preferred propellants include trichlorofluoromethane,dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethanol,1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, and combinations thereof. Suitablesurfactants include sorbitan trioleate, soya lecithin, and oleic acid.

Formulations for dispensing from a powder inhaler device typicallycomprise a finely divided dry powder containing inhibitor, optionallyincluding a bulking agent, such as lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, mannitol,trehalose, or xylitol in an amount that facilitates dispersal of thepowder from the device, typically from about 1 wt. % or less to 99 wt. %or more of the formulation, preferably from about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,35, 40, 45, or 50 wt. % to about 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, or 90 wt. %of the formulation.

When a compound of the preferred embodiments is administered byintravenous, parenteral, or other injection, it is preferably in theform of a pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous solution oroleaginous suspension. Suspensions can be formulated according tomethods well known in the art using suitable dispersing or wettingagents and suspending agents. The preparation of acceptable aqueoussolutions with suitable pH, isotonicity, stability, and the like, iswithin the skill in the art. A preferred pharmaceutical composition forinjection preferably contains an isotonic vehicle such as 1,3-butanediol, water, isotonic sodium chloride solution, Ringer's solution,dextrose solution, dextrose and sodium chloride solution, lactatedRinger's solution, or other vehicles as are known in the art. Inaddition, sterile fixed oils can be employed conventionally as a solventor suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil can beemployed including synthetic mono or diglycerides. In addition, fattyacids such as oleic acid can likewise be used in the formation ofinjectable preparations. The pharmaceutical compositions can alsocontain stabilizers, preservatives, buffers, antioxidants, or otheradditives known to those of skill in the art.

The duration of the injection can be adjusted depending upon variousfactors, and can comprise a single injection administered over thecourse of a few seconds or less, to 0.5, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, or 24 hours or more of continuous intravenous administration.

The compounds of the preferred embodiments can additionally employadjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositionsin their art-established fashion and at their art-established levels.Thus, for example, the compositions can contain additional compatiblepharmaceutically active materials for combination therapy (such assupplementary antimicrobials, antipruritics, astringents, localanesthetics, anti-inflammatory agents, reducing agents,chemotherapeutics and the like), or can contain materials useful inphysically formulating various dosage forms of the preferredembodiments, such as excipients, dyes, thickening agents, stabilizers,preservatives or antioxidants. Anti-cancer agents that can be used incombination with the compounds of preferred embodiments include, but arenot limited to, vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine and vincristine;anthracyclines such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin;anthracenes such as bisantrene and mitoxantrone; epipodophyllo-toxinssuch as etoposide and teniposide; and other anticancer drugs such asactinomyocin D, mithomycin C, mitramycin, methotrexate, docetaxel,etoposide (VP-16), paclitaxel, docetaxel, and adriamycin); andimmunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporine A, tacrolimus). In someembodiments, the compounds, compositions and methods provided herein maybe in combination with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC), aurorakinase inhibitors, demethylating agents (such as 5- AZA cytidine),immunotherapy with natural killer cells, IGF-IR antibodies, Ewingantigen antibodies, immunosuppressive drugs, and hydroxyurea. Examplesof histone deacetylase inhibitors include vorinostat, romidepsin,panobinostat, valproic acid, belinostat, mocetinostat, givinostat, andtrichostatin A. Examples of aurora kinase inhibitors include ZM447439,hesperadin, and VX-680. Examples of demethylating agents include 5-zacytidine, 5-azadeoxycytidine, and procaine. Examples ofimmunosuppressive drugs include 6-mercaptopurine, and azathioprine.

Certain Kits

The compounds of the preferred embodiments can be provided to anadministering physician or other health care professional in the form ofa kit. The kit is a package which houses a container which contains thecompounds in a suitable pharmaceutical composition, and instructions foradministering the pharmaceutical composition to a subject. The kit canoptionally also contain one or more additional therapeutic agents, e.g.,chemotherapeutics currently employed for treating the sarcomas describedherein. For example, a kit containing one or more compositionscomprising compounds of the preferred embodiments in combination withone or more additional chemotherapeutic agents can be provided, orseparate pharmaceutical compositions containing an inhibitor of thepreferred embodiments and additional therapeutic agents can be provided.The kit can also contain separate doses of a compound of the preferredembodiments for serial or sequential administration. The kit canoptionally contain one or more diagnostic tools and instructions foruse. The kit can contain suitable delivery devices, e.g., syringes, andthe like, along with instructions for administering the inhibitor(s) andany other therapeutic agent. The kit can optionally contain instructionsfor storage, reconstitution (if applicable), and administration of anyor all therapeutic agents included. The kits can include a plurality ofcontainers reflecting the number of administrations to be given to asubject.

Methods of Use

Some embodiments provided herein relate to methods of treating theEwing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT). ESFT contains the unique fusionprotein EWS-FLI1. ESFT affects patients between the ages of 3 and 40years, with most cases occurring in the second decade. Although theembryologic cell type from which ESFT are derived is unknown, the tumoroften grows in close proximity to bone, but can occur as a soft-tissuemass. Over 40% of patients who present with localized tumors willdevelop recurrent disease and the majority of these will die from ESFT,while 75-80% of patients who present with metastatic ESFT will diewithin 5 years despite high-dose chemotherapy (Grier H E, Krailo M D,Tarbell N J, et al. Addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to standardchemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor ofbone. N Engl J Med 2003;348(8):694-701). These survival rates have notimproved for the past 20 years, even after dose-intensifyingchemotherapy. To improve survival and reduce therapy-related morbidity,novel targeted strategies for treating ESFT patients, as provided in thepreferred embodiments, can be employed.

ESFT are characterized by a translocation, occurring in 95% of tumors,between the central exons of the EWS gene (Ewing Sarcoma) located onchromosome 22 to the central exons of an ets family gene; either FLI1(Friend Leukemia Insertion) located on chromosome 11, t(11;22), or ERGlocated on chromosome 21, t(21;22). The EWS-FLI1 fusion transcriptencodes a 55 kDa protein (electrophoretic motility of approximately 68kD) with two primary domains. The EWS domain is a potent transcriptionalactivator, while the FLI1 domain contains a highly conserved ets DNAbinding domain (May W A, Lessnick S L, Braun B S, et al. The Ewing'ssarcoma EWS/FLI-1 fusion gene encodes a more potent transcriptionalactivator and is a more powerful transforming gene than FLI-1. Mol CellBiol 1993;13(12):7393-8); the resulting EWS-FLI1 fusion protein acts asan aberrant transcription factor. EWS-FLI1 transformation of mousefibroblasts requires both the EWS and FLI1 functional domains to beintact (May W A, Gishizky M L, Lessnick S L, et al. Ewing sarcoma 11;22translocation produces a chimeric transcription factor that requires theDNA-binding domain encoded by FLI1 for transformation. Proc Natl AcadSci U S A 1993;90(12):5752-6).

EWS-FLI1 is an outstanding therapeutic target, in that it is expressedonly in tumor cells and is required to maintain the growth of ESFT celllines. Reduced expression levels of EWS-FLI1 using either antisenseoligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) (Toretsky J A, Connell Y, Neckers L, Bhat NK. Inhibition of EWS-FLI-1 fusion protein with antisenseoligodeoxynucleotides. J Neurooncol 1997;31(1-2):9-16; Tanaka K, IwakumaT, Harimaya K, Sato H, Iwamoto Y. EWS-Fli 1 antisenseoligodeoxynucleotide inhibits proliferation of human Ewing's sarcoma andprimitive neuroectodermal tumor cells. J Clin Invest 1997;99(2):239-47)or small interfering RNAs (siRNA) (Ouchida M, Ohno T, Fujimura Y, Rao VN, Reddy E S. Loss of tumorigenicity of Ewing's sarcoma cells expressingantisense RNA to EWS-fusion transcripts. Oncogene 1995;11(6):1049-54;Maksimenko A, Malvy C, Lambert G, et al. Oligonucleotides targetedagainst a junction oncogene are made efficient by nanotechnologies.Pharm Res 2003;20(10):1565-7; Kovar H, Aryee D N, Jug G, et al.EWS/FLI-1 antagonists induce growth inhibition of Ewing tumor cells invitro. Cell Growth Differ 1996;7(4):429-37) cause decreasedproliferation of ESFT cell lines and regression of tumors in nude mice.Recent advances in nanotechnology have improved the delivery andcontrolled release of siRNA, yet neither antisense ODN nor siRNAreduction of EWS-FLI1 in humans is possible with current technologies(Maksimenko A, Malvy C, Lambert G, et al. Oligonucleotides targetedagainst a junction oncogene are made efficient by nanotechnologies.Pharm Res 2003;20(10):1565-7; Lambert G, Bertrand JR, Fattal E, et al.EWS FLI-1 antisense nanocapsules inhibits Ewing sarcoma-related tumor inmice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;279(2):401-6). One interestingapproach to EWS-FLI1 targeting used comparative expression between siRNAreduced EWS-FLI1 and a library of small molecules, which led to aclinical trial with Ara-C (Stegmaier K, Wong J S, Ross K N, et al.Signature-based small molecule screening identifies cytosine arabinosideas an EWS/FLI modulator in Ewing sarcoma. PLoS medicine 2007;4(4):e122).This method of identifying Ara-C also indicated doxorubicin andpuromycin would reduce EWS-FLI1 levels. Doxorubicin is currently used asstandard therapy for ESFT patients and yet, survival is far fromacceptable (Grier H E, Krailo M D, Tarbell N J, et al. Addition ofifosfamide and etoposide to standard chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcomaand primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone. N Engl J Med2003;348(8):694-701). The use of Ara-C in ESFT patients is currentlybeing evaluated in a Phase II trial. While it is hoped that thisrepresents a needed clinical breakthrough, it certainly demonstrates theimportance of small molecule targeting of EWS-FLI1. The preferredembodiments provide small molecule protein-protein interactioninhibitors (SMPPII) that disrupt EWS-FLI1 from critical proteinpartners, thereby achieving tumor specificity and more precise targetingof EWS-FLI1.

EWS-FLI1 is a great therapeutic target since it is only expressed intumor cells; however, the ability to target this tumor-specific oncogenehas previously not been successful. One of the challenges towards smallmolecule development is that EWS-FLI1 lacks any known enzymatic domains,and enzyme domains have been thought to be critical for targetedtherapeutics. In addition, EWS-FLI1 is a disordered protein, indicatingthat it does not exhibit a rigid structure that can be used forstructure based drug design (Uren A, Tcherkasskaya 0, Toretsky J A.Recombinant EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein activates transcription. Biochemistry2004;43(42):13579-89). In fact, the disordered nature of EWS-FLI1 iscritical for its transcriptional regulation (Ng K P, Potikyan G, SaveneR O, Denny C T, Uversky V N, Lee K A. Multiple aromatic side chainswithin a disordered structure are critical for transcription andtransforming activity of EWS family oncoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 2007;104(2):479-84). Disordered proteins are considered as moreattractive targets for small molecule protein-protein interactioninhibitors specifically because of their biochemical disorderedproperties (Cheng Y, LeGall T, Oldfield C J, et al. Rational drug designvia intrinsically disordered protein. Trends Biotechnol2006;24(10):435-42)

EWS-FLI1 binds RNA helicase A in vitro and in vivo. It is believed thatprotein-protein interactions of EWS-FLI1 may contribute to its oncogenicpotential; therefore, novel proteins have been sought that directlyinteract with and functionally modulate EWS-FLI1. Recombinant EWS-FLI1that is transcriptionally active (Uren A, Tcherkasskaya O, Toretsky J A.Recombinant EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein activates transcription. Biochemistry2004;43(42):13579-89) was used as a target for screening a commercialpeptide phage display library. Twenty-eight novel peptides thatdifferentially bind to EWS-FLI1 were identified from phage sequencing. ANational Center for Biotechnology Information database search for humanproteins homologous to these peptides identified a peptide that washomologous to aa 823-832 of the human RNA helicase A, (RHA, gene bankaccession number A47363) (Toretsky J A, Erkizan V, Levenson A, et al.Oncoprotein EWS-FLI1 activity is enhanced by RNA helicase A. Cancer Res2006;66(11):5574-81).

While EWS-FLI1 is quite specific to ESFT cells, EWS and RHA areubiquitously expressed. The region between EWS-FLI1 and RHA are targetedby molecular therapeutics that may have specificity; since EWS-FLI1 isexpressed only in tumors and the interaction points with RHA may beunique. Therapeutic agents, namely, small molecule protein-proteininteraction inhibitors, are provided herein to inhibit EWS-FLI1function.

Most translocation-fusion protein sarcomas portend a poor prognosis,including ESFT. The chromosomal translocation t(11;22), leading to theunique and critical fusion protein EWS-FLI1, is a perfect cancer target.Many other sarcomas share similar translocation variants (Table 2. fromHelman L J, Meltzer P. Mechanisms of sarcoma development. Nat Rev Cancer2003;3(9):685-94).

EWS-FLI1 translocations have been reported in solidpseudopapillaryneoplasms of the pancreas (Maitra A., et al., Detectionof t(11;22)(q24;q12) translocation and EWS-FLI-1 fusion transcript in acase of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas. Pediatr Dev Pathol2000;3:603-605), however the role of EWS-FLI1 in all solidpseudopapillary neoplasms remains to be resolved (Katharina Tiemann etal., Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas are associated withFLI-1 expression, but not with EWS/FLI-1 translocation).

EWS or FLI1 homologues are partners in translocations that occur in awide range of sarcomas and leukemias. EWS, or its homologue TLS or FUS,is involved in chromosomal translocations of clear cell sarcoma, myxoidliposarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, chondrosarcoma andacute myeloid leukemia. FLI1 belongs to the ets family of genes. TheFLI1 homologue ERG is translocated in approximately 10% of Ewing'ssarcomas and 20% of acute myeloid leukemias. This suggests that EWS-FLI1can serve as model system that might impact upon a family of diseases(related by translocation partners) that affect a large number ofpatients (Uren A., Tcherkasskaya O. and Toretsky J. A. RecombinantEWS-FLI1 oncoprotein activates transcription. Biochemistry 43(42)13579-89(2004)).

ERG is also translocated in prostate cancer, where the TMPRSS2:ERGfusion suggests a distinct molecular subtype that may define risk fordisease progression (F. Demichelis et al., TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusionassociated with lethal cancer in a watchful waiting cohort. Oncogene(2007)26, 4596-4599). Other diseases where translocations of EWS or FLI1family members have been observed include prostate cancer, glioblastoma,acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, head & neck cancer, melanoma,non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer(Janknecht, Ralf; Shin, Sook, and Oh, Sangphil, ETV1, 4 and 5: AnOncogenic Subfamily of ETS Transcription Factors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1826 (1), 1-12 (2012)).

Therefore, the therapeutic agents of the preferred embodiments havepotential for application in many other tumors. More broadly, some ofthe most difficult leukemias also have translocation-generated fusionproteins involving the mixed-lineage leukemia gene (MLL,11q23), and ourwork could serve as a paradigm for a very treatment-resistant group ofcancers (Pui CH, Chessells JM, Camitta B, et al. Clinical heterogeneityin childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with 11q23 rearrangements.Leukemia 2003;17(4):700-6.). Thus embodiments include cancers wheretranslocations have occurred. Translocation fusion genes are listed inTABLE 1.

TABLE 1 Ewing's sarcoma Translocation Genes Type of fusion gene t(11;22)(q24; q12) EWSR1-FLI1 Transcription factor t(21; 22)(q22; q12)EWSR1-ERG Transcription factor t(7; 22)(p22; q12) EWSR1-ETV1Transcription factor t(17; 22)(q21; q12) EWSR1-ETV4 Transcription factort(2; 22)(q33; q12) EWSR1-FEV Transcription factor

A number of disorders include overexpression of an ETS gene, or an ETSgene fusion, that is, a gene translocation that includes an ETS gene.Examples of such ETS genes include FLI1, ERG, ETV1, and ETV4. Examplesof fusion genes include EWS-FLI, TMPRSS2-ERG. TABLE 2 lists severalcancers in which one or more ETS gene family members are overexpressed,and/or are rearranged.

TABLE 2 Tumors with ETS overexpression ETS member Cancer or gene fusionFLI1 ERG ETV1 ETV4 Prostate 41% 2% 25%  10% 6% Melanoma 34% 8% 8% 20% 5%Non-small-cell lung 33% 12%  8% 12% 5% carcinoma Uterine 25% 6% 9% 11%6% Head and Neck 24% 6% 4%  7% 9% Ovarian 21% 7% 3% 10% 3% Glioblastoma19% 7% 4%  7% 4% multiforme Acute myeloid leukemia 19% 8% 8%  4% 2%Breast 18% 5% 4%  5% 7%Indications

Certain compounds, compositions and methods provided herein can be usedto treat a number of disorders such as a tumor or tumor cell comprisinga translocation gene fusion, such as those listed in TABLE 1, Ewing'ssarcoma, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breastcancer, head & neck cancer, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer,ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer. Some embodiments of the methodsprovided herein include a method for inhibiting proliferation of a cell.In some embodiments, the cell overexpresses an ETS gene. In someembodiments, the overexpressed ETS gene can include FLI1, ERG, ETV1, orETV4. In some embodiments, the cell comprises an ETS fusion gene. Insome embodiments, the ETS fusion gene can include an ETS gene such asFLI1, ERG, ETV1, and ETV4.

The ETS family of transcription factors is critical for development,differentiation, proliferation, and plays an important role in apoptosisand tissue remodeling. Transcriptional consequences of ETS proteinderegulation by overexpression, gene fusion, and modulation by RAS/MAPKand PI3K signaling are linked to alterations in normal cell functions,and lead to increased proliferation, sustained angiogenesis, invasion,and metastasis. Overexpressed ETS proteins and ETS family fusionproteins have been reported in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and diffuselarge B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In DLBCL, the 11q24.3 region has beenidentified as a recurrent lesion and a contributor to the pathogenesisof disease, leading to the deregulation of ETS family members, ETS1 andFLI. Additionally, in AML, the overexpression and translocations of ERG,an ETS family member, has been shown to be associated with poorprognosis in complex or normal karyotypes.

Compounds of Formulae (I)-(VII) may directly bind EWS-FLI1 inhibitingthe biological activity of ETS-family transcription factor oncoproteinsand may be employed in treating patients with Ewing sarcoma. TheEWS1-FLI1 is a fusion protein that has been shown to be the driver ofEwing Sarcoma (ES). Compounds of Formulae (I)-(VII) may block thebinding between EWS-FLI1 and RNA helicase A, may show a transcriptionaldecrease in COS7 cells transfected with a EWS-FLI1 responsive promoter(EC₅₀<100 nM), and may inhibit the proliferation of A4573 cells(EWS-FLI1 expressing Ewing sarcoma cell line) at nanomolarconcentrations (EC₅₀<200 nM).

Compounds of Formulae (I)-(VII) may also have anti-proliferativeeffects, may cause cell cycle arrest, and may induce apoptosis in AMLand DLBCL cell lines with deregulated ETS family members. Upregulationof FLI1 and/or ERG ETS family members may be observed in myeloid celllines (e.g., HL60, Kasumi-1, ML-2, MOLM-13, and MOLM-16). Treatment withcompounds of Formulae (I)-(VII) may show a decrease in cellularviability and induced dose-dependent apoptosis of cells at 48 hours. InDLBLC cell lines (e.g., TMD8, HBL1, U2932, DOHH2, WSUDLCL2, andOCI-Ly18), treatment with compounds of Formulae (I)-(VII) may result ina decrease in cellular proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. Invivo efficacy studies in xenograft models of DLBCL may indicateanti-tumor activity, and may confirm the utility and efficacy ofcompounds of Formulae (I)-(VII) in the treatment of AML and DLBCL bytargeting the aberrant expression and translocations in the ETS-familyof transcription factors, which contribute to the pathogenesis of thedisease.

EXAMPLES

A number of analogs were prepared having structures as in the compoundsof Formulae (I)-(VII). Compounds were identified using NMR, massspectrocopy analysis, and chromatographical purification by UPLC andLCMS. Structures complied with NMR analysis. The structure, mass“[M+H]⁺” derived from mass spectroscopy analysis, chromatographicalpurity by UPLC (wt. %), and chromatographical purity by LCMS (wt. %) forthese analogs are provided in TABLE 3.

TABLE 3 Chromatographical purity Compound [M + H]⁺ UPLC LCMS StructureTK Analog  2 392.07 97.89 99.67

TK Analog  3 391.30 96.13 97.37

TK Analog  4 402.21 99.69 99.82

TK Analog  5 360.25 99.41 99.79

TK Analog  6 350.25 98.14 98.00

TK Analog  7 368.22 99.19 98.58

TK Analog  8 365.25 99.27 99.10

TK Analog  9 376.23 99.19 99.68

TK Analog 10 392.18 99.32 99.56

TK Analog 11 375.22 97.54 97.87

TK-100- OCD3 355 — —

TK Analog 13 409.30 98.27 98.94

TK Analog 14 357.27 98.13 97.72

TK Analog    15A 384.27 97.05 97.86

TK Analog 16 378.24 98.10 99.03

TK Analog    16A 378.24 99.35 98.70

TK Analog 17 379.23 99.12 97.32

TK Analog 18 395.22 96.56 97.81

TK Analog 19 386.1 99.25 99.76

TK Analog 20 377.0 97.64 96.62

TK Analog 21 377.1 99.18 99.68

TK Analog 22 382.0 97.01 96.86

TK Analog 23 382.1 98.01 98.46

TK Analog 24 382.0 96.75 95.76

Examples—Cell Growth Studies

A modified tetrazolium salt assay using the CCK-8 kit (Sigma-Aldrich; StLouis, Mo.) was used to measure the inhibition of human tumor cellgrowth. Tumor cells (5000-7500 per well) were added to 96 well platesand allowed to attach for 4-5 hours. Compounds were serially diluted andadded in triplicate at a concentration of 0.02 to 5 μM. DMSO wasincluded as a vehicle control. Cells were incubated in the presence ofcompound for 3 days. After incubation CCK-8 reagent was added to eachwell and incubated for 2-4 hours. Viable cells were quantitatedspectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm. Percent viability ofeach sample was calculated from the A450 values as follows: % viability=(A450 nm sample/A450 nm DMSO-treated cells×100). The IC₅₀ was definedas the concentration that gave rise to 50% inhibition of cell viability.IC₅₀ activities of particular compounds were determined using SKES (type2, 7/5) cells (Ewing Sarcoma cell line), TC71 (Type 1, 7/6) cells (EwingSarcoma cell line), and A4573 (Type 3, 10/6) cells (Ewing Sarcoma cellline). The small molecule YK-4-279 (4,7-dichloro-3-hydroxy-3-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl)indolin-2-one) inhibits binding of EWS1-FLI1fusion protein to RHA with growth arrest and apoptosis in Ewing sarcomacells, and exhibits in vitro anti-lymphoma activity. TK-216 is aYK-4-279 clinical derivative that is in phase 1 for patients withrelapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma. Preclinical testing has beenconducted for TK-216 in lymphoma models. Test results for the analogswere compared to those for TK-216 and YK-4-279. Results are summarizedin TABLE 4.

TABLE 4 Compound TC71 IC50 (μM) SKES IC50 (μM) A4573 IC50 (μM) YK-4-279<5 <5 <5 TK-216-2 <5 <5 <5 TK Analog 2 <5 <5 <5 TK Analog 3 >5 <5 >5 TKAnalog 4 >5 >5 >5 TK Analog 5 >5 >5 >5 TK Analog 6 <5 <5 <5 TK Analog 7<5 <5 <5 TK Analog 8 >5 <5 >5 TK Analog 9 >5 <5 >5 TK Analog 10 <5 <5 <5TK Analog 11 <5 <5 <5 TK-100-OCD3 <5 <5 <5 TK Analog 13 >5 >5 >5 TKAnalog 14 >5 >5 >5 TK Analog 15A <5 <5 <5 TK Analog 16 >5 <5 >5 TKAnalog 16A >5 >5 >5 TK Analog 17 >5 >5 >5 TK Analog 18 >5 <5 >5 TKAnalog 19 <5 <5 <5 TK Analog 20 >5 >5 >5 TK Analog 21 >5 >5 >5 TK Analgo22 >5 <5 >5 TK Analog 23 >5 >5 >5 TK Analog 24 >5 >5 >5

While the disclosure has been illustrated and described in detail in thedrawings and foregoing description, such illustration and descriptionare to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive. Thedisclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Variations tothe disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by thoseskilled in the art in practicing the claimed disclosure, from a study ofthe drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims.

All references cited herein and in the Appendix are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. To the extent publications and patentsor patent applications incorporated by reference contradict thedisclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intendedto supersede and/or take precedence over any such contradictorymaterial.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) are to be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a personof ordinary skill in the art, and are not to be limited to a special orcustomized meaning unless expressly so defined herein. It should benoted that the use of particular terminology when describing certainfeatures or aspects of the disclosure should not be taken to imply thatthe terminology is being re-defined herein to be restricted to includeany specific characteristics of the features or aspects of thedisclosure with which that terminology is associated.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that the upper andlower limit, and each intervening value between the upper and lowerlimit of the range is encompassed within the embodiments.

Terms and phrases used in this application, and variations thereof,especially in the appended claims, unless otherwise expressly stated,should be construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples ofthe foregoing, the term ‘including’ should be read to mean ‘including,without limitation,’ ‘including but not limited to,’ or the like; theterm ‘comprising’ as used herein is synonymous with ‘including,’‘containing,’ or ‘characterized by,’ and is inclusive or open-ended anddoes not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps; theterm ‘having’ should be interpreted as ‘having at least;’ the term‘includes’ should be interpreted as ‘includes but is not limited to;’the term ‘example’ is used to provide exemplary instances of the item indiscussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; adjectives suchas ‘known’, ‘normal’, ‘standard’, and terms of similar meaning shouldnot be construed as limiting the item described to a given time periodor to an item available as of a given time, but instead should be readto encompass known, normal, or standard technologies that may beavailable or known now or at any time in the future; and use of termslike ‘preferably,’ ‘preferred,’ ‘desired,’ or ‘desirable,’ and words ofsimilar meaning should not be understood as implying that certainfeatures are critical, essential, or even important to the structure orfunction of the invention, but instead as merely intended to highlightalternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in aparticular embodiment of the invention. Likewise, a group of itemslinked with the conjunction ‘and’ should not be read as requiring thateach and every one of those items be present in the grouping, but rathershould be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise. Similarly,a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘or’ should not be read asrequiring mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should be readas ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singularterms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from theplural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as isappropriate to the context and/or application. The varioussingular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sakeof clarity. The indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude aplurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutuallydifferent dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of thesemeasures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claimsshould not be construed as limiting the scope.

It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specificnumber of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intentwill be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of suchrecitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid tounderstanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of theintroductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claimrecitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed toimply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinitearticles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing suchintroduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one suchrecitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases“one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or“an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “atleast one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use ofdefinite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, evenif a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitlyrecited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitationshould typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number(e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without othermodifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or morerecitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a conventionanalogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in generalsuch a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the artwould understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one ofA, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have Aalone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and Ctogether, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where aconvention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, ingeneral such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill inthe art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at leastone of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that haveA alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and Ctogether, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be furtherunderstood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive wordand/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in thedescription, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplatethe possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, orboth terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood toinclude the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

All numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions,and so forth used in the specification are to be understood as beingmodified in all instances by the term ‘about.’ Accordingly, unlessindicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth herein areapproximations that may vary depending upon the desired propertiessought to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limitthe application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of anyclaims in any application claiming priority to the present application,each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number ofsignificant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.

Furthermore, although the foregoing has been described in some detail byway of illustrations and examples for purposes of clarity andunderstanding, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that certainchanges and modifications may be practiced. Therefore, the descriptionand examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of theinvention to the specific embodiments and examples described herein, butrather to also cover all modification and alternatives coming with thetrue scope and spirit of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having Formula (I):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —OH, D, H,F, and —NH₂; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, Cl, —CN, —CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,—C(═O)NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, and —OH; wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀ and R₁₁ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl,halogen, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O(aryl),—O(heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NHSO₂(aryl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)CONH₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CON(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl; and wherein R₉ is—OCH₃.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H and Cl.
 3. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein A is —OH.
 4. The compound of claim 1,wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are H.
 5. The compound of claim 1, having aFormula (I-12):


6. A compound having Formula (I):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —OH, D, H,F, and —NH₂; wherein R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, halogen, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, —O(aryl), —O(heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C ₁₋₆ alkyl),—NHSO ₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCON(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CONH₂, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)CONH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)CON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂ NH₂, —SO₂ NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—SO₂ N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl; andwherein R₁ and R₄ are Cl and R₂ and R₃ are H.
 7. The compound of claim6, wherein A is —OH.
 8. The compound of claim 6, wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀,and R₁₁ are H.
 9. A compound having Formula (II):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —OH, D, H,F, and —NH₂; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, Cl, —CN, —CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,—C(═O)NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, and —OH; R₇, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, halogen, CN, CF₃,C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O(aryl), —O (heteroaryl), —CO₂H,—CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NHCON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CONH₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CONH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂,—SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₈heterocycloalkyl; and wherein R₁₂ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl.
 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein R₁₂ is —CH₃.
 11. Thecompound of claim 9, having a Formula (II-13):


12. A compound having Formula (VI):

or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvatethereof, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —OH, D, H,F, and —NH₂; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, Cl, —CN, —CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,—C(═O)NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, and —OH; and wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀, and R₁₁ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl,halogen, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O(aryl),—O(heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NHSO₂(aryl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)CONH₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)CON(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl.
 13. The compound ofclaim 12, wherein the compound has a Formula (VI-20):